詳細

This book provides a faithful and robust simulation of the optical and visual performances of the human eye for axial vision of distant objects in a variety of visual conditions. The author moves from intrinsically theoretical aspects (the optical and neurophysical models of the eye) to include a great number of experimental measurements from the scientific literature, in order to adapt the model parameters to the observed phenomenology and validate the predictivity power of the models themselves. The results are very satisfactory in terms of quantitative and qualitative adherence of model predictions to field measurements.

Resulting from the author's investigations over the last decade, the book material is largely original, and the most relevant achievement can be found in the capacity to evaluate visual acuity for a range of visual conditions, such as variations in pupil size, refractive error, and ambient illumination.

Thanks to the general organization of the book, chapters and paragraphs with high level mathematical and physical optics content can be safely skipped without compromising the overall comprehension. To this end, a brief summary is provided at the end of each chapter, making this book appropriate for readers with greatly varying degrees of technical knowledge.

Sample Pages (PDF)

Part I Chromatic Aspherical Gullstrand Exact (CAGE) Eye Model for Imaging Purposes
Part IA Assessment of the Optical Parameters of the CAGE Eye Model
Introduction to Part IA
1 Schematic Eye Models and Foveal Image Measurements
　1.1 Review of Schematic Eye Models
　1.2 Foveal Image Measurements
　1.3 Campbell and Gubisch Experiment
　1.4 Chapter Summary
　References
2 Choice of Eye Models for Optical Evaluation
　2.1 Gullstrand Exact Eye Model
　2.2 Gullstrand Graded-Index Eye Model
　2.3 Aspherizing Interfaces
　2.4 Amplitude Spread Function (ASF)
　2.5 Chapter Summary
　References
3 Modeling Foveal Reflection
　3.1 Signature of Directionality
　3.2 Backward Pass ASF
　3.3 Foveal Curvature
　3.4 Chapter Summary
　References
4 Illumination: Coherence Features
　4.1 Spectral Coherence
　4.2 Spatial Coherence
　　4.2.1 Lamp to source slit
　　4.2.2 Source slit to retina
　　4.2.3 Retina to aerial image
　　4.2.4 Double-pass image
　4.3 Chapter Summary
　References
5 Monochromatic to broadband optical model
　5.1 Dispersion Relations
　5.2 Chromatic Model
　　5.2.1 Chromatic ASF
　　5.2.2 Partially coherent foveal image
　　5.2.3 Chromatic double-pass image
　5.3 Chapter Summary
　References
6 Numerical Algorithms
　6.1 Ray Tracing
　6.2 Core Algorithm
　6.3 Chapter summary
　References
7 Convergence to the CAGE Eye Model
　7.1 Fitting of Campbell and Gubisch Line Spread Function (LSF) Data
　7.2 True Single-Pass LSF
　7.3 Comments on Surface Asphericities
　7.4 Chromatic Aspherical Gullstrand Exact (CAGE) Eye Model
　7.5 Chapter Summary
　7.6 Conclusion of Part IA
　References
Part IB Optical Performances of the CAGE Eye Model
Introduction to Part IB
8 CAGE Structural and Paraxial Properties
　8.1 Structural Features
　　8.1.1 Corneal thickness
　　8.1.2 Lens size
　8.2 Paraxial Optics
　8.3 Chromatic Paraxial Properties
　8.4 Chapter Summary
　References
9 CAGE Spherical Aberration
　9.1 Chapter Summary
　References
10 Imaging Characterization
　10.1 Point Spread Function, Modulation Transfer Function, and Line Spread Function
　10.2 Diffraction Limit
　10.3 Broadband Spectrum
　10.4 Strehl and Struve Ratios
　10.5 Stiles?Crawford Effect
　10.6 Numerical Algorithm
　10.7 Chapter Summary
　References
11 CAGE imaging performances
　11.1 Strehl Ratio
　11.2 Optimum Defocus
　11.3 Point Spread Function
　11.4 Struve Ratio and Line Spread Function
　11.5 Modulation Transfer Function
　11.6 Retinal Gain
　11.7 Chapter Summary
　References
12 Discussion of CAGE results
　12.1 Comparison with Psychophysical MTF Data
　12.2 Not So Bad After All
　12.3 Miscellaneous CAGE Results
　12.4 Chapter Summary
　12.5 Conclusion of Part IB
　References
Part II CAGE?Barten Eye Model for Contrast Perception
Part IIA Assessment of the CAGE?Barten Model Psychophysical Parameters
Introduction to Part IIA
13 Optics and psychophysics
　13.1 Chapter summary
　References
14 Neurophysical Model by Barten and its Development
　14.1 Total MTF
　　14.1.1 Optical MTF
　　14.1.2 Retinal MTF
　　14.1.3 Neural MTF
　14.2 Ocular Internal Noise
　　14.2.1 Photon Noise
　　14.2.2 Neural Noise
　　14.2.3 Integration Constraints
　14.3 Complete Model
　14.4 Chapter Summary
　References
15 Convergence to the CAGE?Barten model
　15.1 Experimental Contrast Sensitivity Function (CSF) database
　15.2 Pupil Light Response
　15.3 Numerical Fitting of CSF Data
　15.4 Data Alignment
　15.5 Chapter summary
　References
16 Application of the CAGE?Barten model to extended Contrast Sensitivity data
　16.1 Comparison with Data by van Nes and Bouman
　16.2 Comparison with Data by Luntinen, Rovamo, and Näsänen
　16.3 Comparison of Sinusoidal and Square-Wave Gratings
　16.4 Comparison with Defocused CSF Data
　16.5 Comparison with Barten’s Results
　16.6 Chapter Summary
　References
17 Comments on the CAGE?Barten Eye Model
　17.1 Discussion of CAGE?Barten Results
　17.2 Evaluation of Signal-to-Noise Ratio
　17.3 Parameter Variability
　17.4 Comparison with Other Visual Perception Models
　17.5 Chapter Summary
　17.6 Conclusion of Part IIA
　References
Part IIB Visual Performances of the CAGE?Barten Eye Model
Introduction to Part IIB
18 Characterization of Visual Performance
　18.1 Eye as a Photocamera
　18.2 Visual Performance Metrics
　18.3 Visual Performance Metrics and Image Quality Perception
　18.4 Bilogarithmic Integral of Normalized Contrast Sensitivity: A Visual Specific Metric
　18.5 Chapter Summary
　References
19 CAGE?Barten Eye Model visual Performances
　19.1 Reference Visual Condition
　19.2 Steady-state Pupil Light Response
　19.3 Natural Pupil Visual Performance
　19.4 Visual Performance versus Spherical Aberration
　19.5 Out-of-Focus Visual Performance
　19.6 Visual Performance versus Stimulus Parameters
　19.7 Monocular and Binocular Visual Performance
　19.8 Visual Performance versus Neurophysical Parameters
　19.9 Chapter summary
　References
20 Discussion of Visual Performance Results
　20.1 Previous Visual Acuity Modeling
　20.2 Visual Acuity
　20.3 Defocused Visual Acuity
　20.4 Mesopic Vision
　20.5 Photoreceptor Density
　20.6 Chapter Summary
　References
21 Quality of the Human Visual System
　21.1 Refractive Surgery: Optimum Corneal Shape
　21.2 Ultimate Visual Limit
　21.3 Effects of Aberrations on Ultimate Visual Limit
　21.4 Evolutionary Strategies
　21.5 Stiles?Crawford Effect
　21.6 Chapter Summary
　References
22 Visual Spatial Channels and the CAGE?Barten Model: Conjectures
　22.1 Frequency Analysis Capabilities of the Eye
　22.2 Spatial Channels: a Brief Review
　22.3 Modeling Spatial Channels
　22.4 Fitting Channels into CSF
　22.5 Receptive Fields of Channels
　22.6 Receptive Fields of Cortical Cells
　22.7 Channel Structure
　22.8 Anomaly in Defocused Visual Performance Modeling
　22.9 Chapter Summary
　References
23 Quality of the Human Visual System
　23.1 Answers to the Introductory Questions
　References
Appendix A. Mathematical Notations
Appendix B. Herzberger Dispersion Formula
Appendix C. Determination Coefficient R2
Appendix D. Optical Parameters of the CAGE Eye Model
Appendix E. Visual Acuity Lines
Appendix F. List of Acronyms