目次

Recent advancements in microfabrication technologies and the development of powerful simulation tools have led to a significant expansion of diffractive optics and diffractive optical components. Instrument developers can choose from a broad range of diffractive optics elements to complement refractive and reflective components in achieving a desired control of the optical field. This Field Guide provides the operational principles and established terminology of diffractive optics as well as a comprehensive overview of the main types of diffractive optics components. An emphasis is placed on the qualitative explanation of the diffraction phenomenon by the use of field distributions and graphs, providing the basis for understanding the fundamental relations and important trends.


Sample Pages(PDF)


Table of Contents


Glossary of Symbols and Acronyms


Diffraction Fundamentals
　　The Diffraction Phenomenon
　　Scalar Diffraction
　　Paraxial Approximation


Fresnel Diffraction
　　Fresnel Diffraction
　　Apertures with Integer Number of Fresnel Zones
　　Fresnel Zone Plates
　　Fresnel Zone Plate Properties
　　Fresnel Phase Plates
　　Comparing Fresnel Plates and Ideal Lenses
　　Efficiency of Fresnel Plates and Ideal Lenses
　　Talbot Effect
　　Fractional Talbot Distributions


Fraunhofer Diffraction
　　Fraunhofer Diffraction
　　Diffraction of Waves with Finite Sizes
　　Diffraction on Ring-Shaped Apertures
　　Energy Redistribution Within Diffraction Rings
　　Diffraction on Noncircular Apertures
　　Rectangular and Diamond-Shaped Apertures


Apodized Apertures
　　Apodized Apertures
　　Apodized Apertures with Central Obscuration
　　Field Obstruction by an Opaque Semiplane
　　Apodization with Serrated Edges
　　Serrated Apertures as Apodizers


Diffraction by Multiple Apertures
　　Diffraction by Multiple Apertures
　　Effects of Aperture Spacing
　　Aperture Fill Factor
　　Aperiodically Spaced Apertures


Resolution Limit in Optical Instruments
　　Resolution Limit in Optical Instruments
　　Superresolution Phenomenon
　　Superresolution with Two-Zone Phase Masks
　　Point Spread Function Engineering
　　Adjusting Diffraction-Ring Intensity
　　Amplitude and Phase Filter Comparison
　　Vortex Phase Masks
　　Combining Amplitude and Vortex Phase Masks


Diffractive Components
　　Diffraction Gratings
　　Volume Bragg Gratings
　　Polarization Dependency of Volume Bragg Gratings
　　One-Dimensional Surface-Relief Gratings
　　GRISM Elements
　　Two-Dimensional Diffractive Structures
　　Holographic Diffusers
　　Design of Fan-Out Elements
　　Diffractive Beam-Shaping Components
　　Digital Diffractive Optics
　　Three-Dimensional Diffractive Structures


Grating Properties
　　Grating Equation
　　Grating Properties
　　Free Spectral Range and Resolution
　　Grating Anomalies
　　Polarization Dependency of Grating Anomalies
　　Gratings as Angular Switches
　　Gratings as Optical Filters
　　Gratings as Polarizing Components


Blazing Condition
　　Blazing Condition
　　Blazed Angle Calculation
　　Optimum Blazed Profile Height


Scalar Diffraction Theory of a Grating
　　Scalar Diffraction Theory of a Grating
　　Diffraction Efficiency
　　Blaze Profile Approximation


Extended Scalar Diffraction Theory
　　Extended Scalar Diffraction Theory
　　Duty Cycle and Ghost Orders
　　Extended Scalar versus Rigorous Analysis


Gratings with Subwavelength Structures
　　Gratings with Subwavelength Structures
　　Blazed Binary Gratings
　　Relative Feature Size in the Resonant Domain
　　Effective Medium Theory
　　Scalar Diffraction Limitations and Rigorous Theory


Rigorous Analysis of Transmission Gratings
　　Analysis of Blazed Transmission Gratings
　　Polarization Dependency at Normal Incidence
　　Peak Efficiency of Blazed Profiles
　　Wavelength Dependency of Efficiency
　　Efficiency Changes with Incident Angle
　　Diffraction Efficiency for Small Feature Sizes


Polychromatic Diffraction Efficiency
　　Polychromatic Diffraction Efficiency
　　Monolithic Grating Doublet
　　Spaced Grating Doublet
　　Monolithic Grating Doublet with Two Profiles
　　Diffractive and Refractive Doublets: Comparison


Efficiency of Spaced Grating Doublets
　　Efficiency of Spaced Grating Doublets
　　Sensitivity to Fabrication Errors
　　Facet Width and Polarization Dependency
　　Sensitivity to Axial Component Spacing
　　Frequency Comb Formation


Diffractive Components with Axial Symmetry
　　Diffractive Components with Axial Symmetry
　　Diffractive Lens Surfaces
　　Diffractive Kinoforms
　　Binary Diffractive Lenses
　　Optical Power of a Diffractive Lens Surface
　　Diffractive Surfaces as Phase Elements
　　Stepped Diffractive Surfaces
　　Properties of Stepped Diffractive Surfaces
　　Multi-order Diffractive Lenses
　　Diffractive Lens Doublets


Diffractive Surfaces in Optical Systems
　　Diffractive Lens Surfaces in Optical Systems
　　Achromatic Hybrid Structures
　　Opto-thermal Properties of Optical Components
　　Athermalization with Diffractive Components
　　Athermalization with SDSs


Appendix: Diffractive Raytrace
Equation Summary
Bibliography
Index