詳細

This guide provides extensive coverage of microscopic imaging principles. After reviewing the main principles of image formation, diffraction, interference, and polarization used in microscopy, this guide describes the most widely applied microscope configurations and applications. It also covers major system components, including light sources, illumination layouts, microscope optics, and image detection electronics. This guide also provides a comprehensive overview of microscopy techniques, including bright field and dark field imaging, contrast enhancement methods (such as phase and amplitude contrast), DIC, polarization, and fluorescence microscopy. In addition, it describes scanning techniques (such as confocal and multiphoton imaging points); new trends in super-resolution methods (such as 4Pi microscopy, STED, STORM, and structured illumination); and array microscopy, CARS, and SPIM.

Glossary of Symbols

Basic Concepts
　　The Nature of Light
　　Spectrum of Light vs. Microscopy
　　Wave Equations
　　Wavefront Propagation
　　Optical Path Length (OPL)
　　Reflection and Refraction Laws
　　Total Internal Reflection
　　Evanescent Wave in TIR
　　Propagation through Anisotropic Media
　　Polarization of Light and Polarization States
　　Coherence and Monochromatic Light
　　Interference
　　Contrast versus Spatial and Temporal Coherence
　　Contrast of Fringes (Polarization and Amplitude Ratio)
　　Multiple Wave Interference
　　Interferometers
　　Diffraction
　　Diffraction Grating
　　Useful Definitions of Geometrical Optics
　　Image Formation
　　Magnifications
　　Stops and Rays in Optical System
　　Aberrations
　　Chromatic Aberrations
　　Spherical and Coma Aberrations
　　Astigmatism, Field Curvature and Distortion
　　Performance Metrics

Microscope Construction
　　Compound Microscope
　　The Eye
　　Upright and Inverted Microscopes
　　Finite Tube Length Microscope
　　Infinity Corrected Systems
　　Telecentricity of a Microscope
　　Magnification of the Microscope
　　Numerical Aperture
　　Rayleigh versus Abbe Resolution Limit
　　Useful Magnification
　　Depth of Field and Depth of Focus
　　Magnification and Frequency versus DOF
　　Koehler Illumination
　　Alignment of Koehler Illumination
　　Critical Illumination
　　Stereo Microscopes
　　Eyepieces
　　Nomenclature and Marking of Objectives
　　Objective Designs
　　Special Objectives and Features
　　Special Lens Components
　　Cover Glass and Immersion
　　Common Light Sources for Microscopy
　　LED Light Sources
　　Filters
　　Polarizers and Polarization Prisms

Specialized Techniques
　　Microscope Objects
　　Selection of Microscopy Technique
　　Image Comparison
　　Phase Contrast
　　Visibility in Phase Contrast
　　The Phase Contrast Microscope
　　Characteristic Features of Phase Contrast Microscopy
　　Amplitude Contrast
　　Oblique Illumination
　　Modulation Contrast - Hoffman Contrast
　　Dark Field Microscopy
　　Optical Staining: Rheinberg Illumination
　　Optical Staining: Dispersion Staining
　　Shearing Interferometry - Principle of DIC
　　DIC Microscope Design
　　Appearance of DIC Images
　　Reflectance DIC
　　Polarization Microscopy
　　Images obtained with Polarization Microscopes
　　Compensators
　　Confocal Microscopy
　　Scanning Approaches
　　Images from Confocal Microscope
　　Fluorescence
　　Configuration of Fluorescence Microscope
　　Images from Fluorescence Microscopy
　　Properties of Fluorophores
　　Single versus Multi-Photon Excitation
　　Light Sources for Scanning Microscopy
　　Practical Considerations on LSM
　　Short Coherence Microscopy
　　Optical Profiling Techniques
　　Optical Profilometry - System Design
　　PSF Algorithms

Resolution Enhancement Techniques
　　Structured Illumination - Axial Sectioning
　　Structured Illumination - Resolution Enhancement
　　TIRF Microscopy
　　Solid Immersion
　　Stimulated Emission Depletion
　　STORM
　　4Pi Microscopy
　　Limits of Light Microscopy

Other Techniques
　　Raman and CARS Microscopy
　　SPIM
　　Array Microscopy

Digital Microscopy and CCD
　　Digital Microscopy
　　CCD Principle
　　CCD Architectures
　　Noise in CCD
　　SNR and Digitization of CCD
　　CCD Sampling

Equation Summary
Bibliography
Index

Sample Pages